Therefore, the incidence of HAV in Beijing, consistent with other developed countries, has been low in recent years. With the improvement of health conditions and the increase of HAV vaccination during childhood, the incidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections has been dramatically reduced. The prevalence of hepatitis A varies among different countries and is mainly associated with economic development, hygiene, environmental factors, and public education such as HAV transmission route and other HAV knowledge. Nevertheless, increased sampling from detected cases and improved specimen quality are needed to implement such a system. In a low HAV prevalent area, such as in Beijing, incorporating molecular epidemiology into the routine surveillance system could help inform possible clusters of outbreaks and provide support for earlier control of HAV transmission. In the other group, the three sporadic cases did not have an epidemiological connection. The three sporadic cases in one group had the same possible source of infection: contaminated salad with raw vegetables and seafood. Two groups (each with three sporadic cases) showed 100% nucleotide homology. In addition, the samples collected from all HAV sequences in this investigation showed 89.4–100% nucleotide homology. Among the 16 specimens of confirmed HAV cases that could be sequenced, 93.8% were HAV IA, and 6.3% were HAV IB. Contaminated food consumption, particularly seafood consumption, was the primary potential source of infection. The rate was lower in suburban and rural areas compared to urban areas. The greatest proportion of these patients were aged from 30 to 60 years. In 2019, 110 HAV cases were reported in Beijing, with an incidence rate of 0.51/100,000. In addition, the 321-nucleotide segment of the VP1/2A junction region was sequenced to determine the HAV genotype. Serum and fecal specimens were also collected for testing HAV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Patients with HAV confirmed at the local hospitals were asked to complete a questionnaire that included additional case information and possible sources of infection. The epidemiological data of hepatitis A were obtained from a routine surveillance system. Therefore, a more effective surveillance system needs to be established. It is difficult to identify possible sources of infection among sporadic cases based on a routine surveillance system. The incidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is low in Beijing, China, but the risk of outbreaks still exists.
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